QUESTION NO 1 A

DICOT .STEM 

1 vascular bundles limited in number and arranged in the form of a ring

2.xylem vessels p[olygonal ..................hence dicot

3.xylem endarch 

4.conjoint open vacular bunble ............hence stem

 

MONOCOT STEM 

1. xylem endarch 

2 .conjoint open vascular bundle .......hence stem 

3.xylem bundles numerous and scattered

4. xylem vessels rounded .................hence monocot 

MONOCOT ROOT 

1,xylem bundles numerous

2. pith large 

 3.xylem vessels rounded ..............hence monocot 

4.xylem exarch 

5.radial vascular bundle ...hence root

 

question 2  B,C

B . microscopic 

1.FERN PROTHALLUS- Green heart shaped gametophyte 

2. SPIROGYRA - filamentous multicellular green algae with spiral chloroplast 

3.RHIZOPUS -  branched aseptate ,coenocytic hyphae with sporangiophores .

B MACROSCOPIC 

1.SARGASSUM - Brown algae with receptacles and air bladders

2. PINUS FEMALE CONE - larger than male cone , megasporophylls arranged spirally around cone axis 

3. PINUS MALE CONE - smaller than female cone .grouped in to clusters 

c PHOTOGRAPHS 

C . BIOREACTOR - large vessels in which  raw materials are biologically converted in to specific products 

c- BT COTTON- transgenic cotton having cry gene 

c. CLONING VECTOR - used to transfer foreign DNA fragments in to host cell 

QUESTION 3 D 

 METAPHASE -chromosomes arranged at the equator 

ANAPHASE - daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles 

.

QIUESTION  4 E 

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY - to seperate photosynthetic pigments using paper chromatography 

2. to demonstrate evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis .

QUESTION  5  F 

 

CALYX -5 sepals ,gamosepalous  ,persistent 

COROLLA - 5 petals  ,gamopetalous ,valvate 

GYNOECIUM - bicarpellary ,syncarpous ,superior ovary 

QUESTION  6 G

 COMMENSALISM -  positive interaction .epiphyte benefitted .host neither benefitted nor harmed 

MUTUALISM - positive interaction , both the partners get benefitted 

PARASITISM - parasite benefitted and host harmed 

QUESTION  7 H

HSE 1                           FIRST TERM EXAM- 2025  BOTANY 

                                     maximum score 15                Time 30 mnt

 A .choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks( ശരിയായ  ഉത്തരം  തെരെഞ്ഞെടുത്തു പൂരിപ്പിക്കുക )

1.Arrangement  of leaves on the stem is called ...................(aestivation ,phyllotaxy, placentation ,inflorescence )                                                         ( score  1 )

2. swollen leaf base found in leguminous plants (pulvinus,stipule,leaf base ,petiole) 

                                                                                                             (score 1)

3 . Differentiate between cymose and recemose inflorecence .(cymose ,recemose തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം എന്ത് ?)                                                  ( score   1)

4. Based on the position of ovary flowers are classified in to three .which are they . (ഓവറി യുടെ സ്ഥാനമനുസരിച്ചു പൂക്കളെ മൂന്നായി തിരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു .ഏതെല്ലാം )                                                                                                             ( score 3)

😕5 .Mode of arrangement of sepals or petal in floral bud known as aestivation .explain 4 types of aestivation (4 തരം  aestivation  വിവരിക്കുക )             ( score  4)

6. label  the regions of root tip(ഭാഗങ്ങൾ അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുക )         ( score  5 )

sexual reproduction in flowering plants part 3 .

 PISTIL ,OVULE

GYNOECIUM- female reprouctive part of a flower.

PISTIL / CARPEL- individual units of gynoecium

MONOCARPELLARY-  gynoecium with single carpel

MULTICAROPELLARY-  gynoecium with more than one carpel.

SYNCARPOUS - carpels fused.

APOCARPOUS - carpals free

parts of a pistil  

OVARY-basal bulged part with ovarian cavity ,placenta and ovules 

no of ovules may be one (eg wheat , paddy and mango)or many (papaya, watermelon and orchids)

STYLE-elongated slender part above ovary

  STIGMA-upper receptive surface( landing  place for pollengrains)

MEGASPORANGIUM OR OVULE 

FUNICLE- stalk of the ovule

HILUM- point of attachment of funice with the body of the ovule

INTEGUMENTS- protective envelops of ovule

MICROPYLE - small opening present on integuments

NUCELLUS-body of the ovule with abundant reserve food materials-.nucellus encloses a single embryosac in it 

CHALAZA - basal part of the ovary opposite to micropylar end .

MEGASPOROGENESIS.

Process of formation of megaspores from megaspoe mother cell(diploid 2n)

single megaspore mother cell at the micropylar region with dense cytoplasm and prominent nucleus undergoes meiosis and produces four haploid megaspores , one of them become functional and 3 degenerate .

     functional megaspore undergoes mitosis and produces 2-4-8 nuclei 

EGG APPARATUS  - 3cells at the micropylar end with one EGG cell and 3 SYNERGIDS  ynergids contain special cellular thickening called FILIFORM APPARATUS which guide the polllen tube into the synergids '

ANTIPODALS -three cells at the chalazal end

2 nuclei Situated in a large centrall cell called POLAR NUCLEI

amature embryosac is  7 celled and 8 nucleate 

SEXUAL REPROUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - Part 2

 STAMEN -MICROSPOROGENESIS -POLLEN GRAIN

Male reproductive part of a flower is androecium.

individual units of androecium -stamens

stamen consists of long lender stalk called filament  anda terminal bilobed anther

typical anther is bilobed  dithecousfour sided  consists of four microsporangia which become p[olensacs with polen grains 

STRUCTURE OF MICROSPORANGIA-

 WALL LAYERS-epidermis ,endothecium ,middle layers( funtion -protection and dehiscence of anther) and tapetum(nourishes  developing polllen grains)TAPETUM possess dense cytoplam and more than one nucleus .

SPOROGENOUS TISSUES - group of compactly arranged homogenous cells found at the  microsporangia  each cell capable of giving rise to mocrospore tetrad or pollen grains by meiosis (MICROSPORE MOTHER CELL)

MICROSPOROGENEIS -process of formation of micropores from MICROSPORE MOTHER CELL by  MEIOIS 

micropores are arranged in a cluster of four cells known as microspore tetrad   ,as mature microspores dissociate and gives rise to pollen grains .

POLLEN GRAIN

male gametophyte ,spherical 25 -50 micrometer iin dia with 2 wall layers 

EXINE- hard outer layer made upof SPOROPOLLENIN,(preserved in fossils ) 

GERM PORE -openings present on exine which help in pollen tube germination.

INTINE - inner continuous wall layer mae up of CELULOSE and PECTIN .

a mature pollen contains a large VEGETATIVE CELL an a smmall GENERATIIVE CELL

 generative cell floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell  and produces 2 male gametes .

pollen grains  -rich in nutrients 

used to increase performance of athlets and race horses(polen tablets)

cause allegies,bronchial afflictions ,respiratory disorders (asthma ,bronchitis)

pollen graiins as to reach on stigma before lose viabiility 

wheat and rice -30 minutes  .rosacea ,legumiinosae , solanaceae -months 

pollen grains artiificially  preserve in liquid ntrogen at -196 c

REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS .PART 5
 POST FERTILISATION  EVENTS.
E vents in sexual reproduction after the formation of zygote(2n)

in external fertilisation zygote formedd in external medium
in  internal fertilisation zygote formed inside the body of female organism.
In ALGAE and FUNGI  zygote Develops a thick wall resistant to dessication and damage 
and undergoes a period of rest before germination.

IN HAPLONTIC  Organisms zygote undergoes meiosis 
  IN DIPLONTIC  organisms zygote underggoes mitosis 

EMBRYOGENESIS  - process of Development of embryo from zygote , by celldivision and cell differentiation

OVIPAROUS    deveopment of zygote outside the body of female parent .(lie eggs )
-after incubation young ones hatch out  eg reptile , birds 
VIVIPAROUS development of zygote inside the female parent 
- after attaining certaiin period of growth young ones are delivered
- get proper embryonic care and protection  o chances of survival more .

in FOWERING PLANTS
ZYGOTE- EMBRYO 
OVULE - SEED
OVARY - FRUIT 

REPRODUCTION  IN ORGANISMS ..part 4
GAMETE TRANSFER- male gamete and female gamete physically brought together for fusion.
IN most of the cases male gametes are motile and female stationary
no of male gametes are more to compensate loss during transport
IN SEED PLANTS -pollen grains contain male gametes ,and ovule contain egg 
POLLINATION - transfer of polengrains from anther to stigma.
pollengrains germinate on stigma,pollen tube carrying male gametes reach the ovule and discharge near to egg.
FERTILISATION - fusion of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of zygote
PARTHENOGENESIS - female gamete develop into new organism without fertilisation.
eg lizard , rotifers honey bees turkey 

EXTERNAL FERTILISATION -  syngamy occurs in external medium
 'great ynchrony between sexes 
 - release large no of gametes in to the medium to enhance the chance of syngamy

 Dis advantage - offsprings are threatened by predators  eg frog , bony fishes

INTERNAL FERTILISTION- syngamy occurs inside the body of female organism.
fungi,repties , birds ,mammals,bryophytes , pteriophytes , gymnosperms and angiosperms 
- egg formed in female body  , no of eggs less ,male gametes motille andd more in no 
in angioperms male gametes non motile and carried to egg by pollen tube.

EASY BOTANY TASTY BOTANY -a magic botanical touch 

REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS  part 3  prefertilisation
events of sexual reproduction prior to fuion of gametes, includes gametogenesis  and gamete transfer.
GAMETOGENESIS- process of formation of haploid male and female gametes.
HOMOGAMETES-gametes simillar in appearance.
HETEROGAMETES- gametes dissimilar in appearance .(male- antherozoid /sperm;female egg /ovum)
BISEXUAL,/ MONOECIUS /HOMOTHALLIC     /
HERMAPHRODITE (ANIMALS like earth worm ,leech ,tape worm , sponge )male and female reproductive strucures on  same organism.eg  cucurbits ,coconut .
UNISEXUAL/DIOECIUS  / HETROTHALLIC . male and female reproductive structures on Different organisms. eg papaya,  date palm , marchantia , cockroach .
unisexual male flower - staminate , unisexual female flower - pistillate 
CELL DIVISION DURING GAMETE FORMATION 
gametes are haploid   in haploid plants (algae , fungi, bryophytes)  gametes produced by MITOSSIS.
in diploid organisms specialised cells known as meiocytes or gamete mother are produced  which undergoes MEIOSIS and produces haploid gametes.